DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE - Essay Example Nevertheless, one main issue remains to be satisfactorily resolved and it involves accurate measurement of the occurrence of plagiarism. Scholars have relied on student reporting of their own and their peers’ plagiarising behaviour in obtaining such measures. Although, scholars may obtain useful data this way, the method develops its paradox because it requires survey participants to offer honest reports regarding their dishonesty. Moreover, although self-reporting in any behaviour is problematic, self-reporting of dishonesty behaviour is extremely challenging and studies show that student responses are not congruent to their employed behaviours; nevertheless, the advent of plagiarism detection software made the task easier. The use of software that detect plagiarism by university lecturers enables the lecturers to perform what was previously difficult or impossible namely obtaining a clear picture of the extent of plagiarism in student assignments; moreover, the use of plagia rism software has deterrent effect on plagiarism. Despite the potential usefulness of the various plagiarism software and their unequivocally acceptance by the community of academicians, a backlash against their use seems to be underway as academicians consider the use of such software to control students. The scholar’s goal is to fill the gap between what students actually do instead of what they say they do with regard to plagiarism in assignments. The main strength in the research includes a collection of records on the form and extent of plagiarism over a period of five years in two main university assignments. However, the study had several limitations one of which is over reliance on Turnitin, which only matches material found on the internet. Materials of the university textbooks cannot be matched unless the material gets online in some form like through lodging a student’s assignment in the software’s database. Moreover, the database of Turnitin may be u nable to detect material within invisible web sources like password-protected databases or even customised assignments produced by writing companies. Another disadvantage is that the measurement process relied to a certain extent on the interpretation of the original report in conjunction with checking of the assignment script; hence, absolute objectivity cannot be claimed in the data. The disadvantage of the of a convenient sample like non-randomness and potential absenteeism in generalization are acknowledged; in addition, the study is limited to New Zealand where the data was derived and the findings indicate that they may not be generalised. The findings confirmed the established view that international students have high rate of plagiarism compared to domestic students because they not only topped in rates across students, but also were at the top of rating regarding verbatim plagiarism and were among students with high rate of extensive plagiarism. The notion that students wit hout experience are more prone to plagiarism was not fully supported in the study findings because students in year one submitted the smallest percentage of plagiarised script in the year of enrolment, while students in their fourth year of enrolment plagiarised extensively. From the present6ed data in the study, it is possible to develop a profile of

Ezra Pound Essay Example for Free

Ezra Pound Essay The Young Genius: Ezra Pound’s influenced poetry on Benito Mussolini and the Fascist movement, time of his stay in St. Elizabeth’s Hospital and the concept of Imagism. â€Å"If a nations literature declines, the nation atrophies and decays.† (Ezra Pound Quotes) Ezra Pound was not a man of many words, but he certainly did have a knack for turning simple words into something beautiful. Pounds’ poetry was influenced by his fascination with Benito Mussolini and the Fascist movement, the time of his stay in St. Elizabeth’s Hospital and the concept of Imagism. It is safe to say that Ezra Pound did not live a boring life growing up. He was born on October 30, 1885 in Hailey, Idaho. However, he was brought up in Wyncote, Philadelphia. At the small age of 12, Pound’s father, Hoomer Loomis Pound, sent him to military school. His father’s occupation was an assistant assayer at the U.S. Mint. Pound was the only child from his father, Hoomer Loomis Pound, and his mother, Mary Parker Wadsworth Weston. The family was your average, middle-class family. His mother, was more of a traditional woman. â€Å"A family that has respect for tradition,† were the words that often came out of her mouth. (Ezra (Weston Loomis) Pound Biography) In the year 1905, Pound received a bachelor degree of philosophy from Hamilton College and a master’s degree from University of Pennsylvania in 1906. After he graduated in 1907, his first teaching gig was teaching Spanish and French at a small Presbyterian college in Indiana. He was shortly fired from that occupation, due to the accused charges of seducing a young woman. Pound was never found guilty. One of the main influences in Ezra Pound’s poetry was Benito Mussolini and the Fascism beliefs. The whole interest and fascination began around 1924, when Pound left England and went to Italy with his second wife Olga Rudge. He left England because he believed they were responsible for the usury and international capitalism for the war. â€Å"Mussolini seemed to have clever ideas about economics than Major Douglass did.† (74. Wilhelm, James J.) Pound was so fixated on Mussolini that he eventually met him in Rome at January 30, 1933 in the Palazzo Venezie. (Ezra Pound Pound, Politics, Poetry) Furthermore, Pound created a name for him in the Fascist world and eventually made a regular address on the Italian State Radio, approved by the Italian government, because he was such an advocate for Benito Mussolini and his fascist views. Because of his incredible favor towards Mussolini, people back in the United States viewed him as a traitor  and were saying he was fraternizing with the enemy. â€Å"If a man isnt willing to take some risk for his opinions, either his opinions are no good or hes no good. (Treason, Fascism, and Anti-Semitism) People thought that Pound went insane and he was arrested for treason and was sent to St. Elizabeth’s Hospital of Mental Health. I believe, that this is an expressive poem about his feelings living in England or the United States. He was so happy in Italy and was living such a â€Å"colorful† life that every other way of life just appeared â€Å"dull† to him. â€Å"And the days are not full enough† And the days are not full enough And the nights are not full enough And life slips by like a field mouse Not shaking the grass. (Pound, Ezra) Ezra Pound In this poem, Ezra Pound used diction, tone, and euphony. Diction shined through in the chosen phrase, â€Å"not full enough†. Although he only used that twice in the poem, that phrase had a very powerful effect on the readers’ mood of the poem. He gave the poem a dull and melancholy vibe for the poem. Although the Pound’s attitude is not directly stated in this poem, the depressing tone is as noticeable as a white elephant in the room. Last but not least is the use of elegy. Despite the part of elegy relating to death, elegy is used in this poem because it is a very solemn themed poem. In my opinion, this â€Å"man† Pound is talking about is intended to be viewed as England or the United States. This â€Å"ideal† man that he speaks of, who has order about him, meant to be viewed as Italy/Benito Mussolini. â€Å"Canto 13† If a man have not order within him He cannot spread order about him; And if a man have not order within him His family will not act with due order; And if the prince have not order within him He cannot put order in his dominions. (Lines 46-51) In the previous excerpt of Canto 13, the three literacy terms refrain; anaphora and a hint of didactic poetry are involved. The word and phrase order appear in every line of the excerpt. It is repeated to not only get the meaning across, but to make a significant indent in the readers’ mind while reading the poem. The hint of didactic poetry is shown in this poem, I believe, because Pound is telling the reader without order you cannot do a few things such as spread order about him, family will not act, and one cannot put order in his dominions. In a way, that is teaching the pros of â€Å"order.† From this poem I can infer that Ezra Pound is stating that whether or not he is ruled by an imperialistic power: everyday is going to be the same, for everybody. The last line â€Å"Imperial power is? And to us what is it?† means that no matter government is enforced, their everyday life is not going to change. â€Å"Cantos XLIX: For The Seven Lakes† Sun up; work Sundown; to rest Dig well and drink of the water Dig field; eat of the grain Imperial power is? And to us what is it? The fourth; the dimension of stillness. And the power over wild beasts. (Lines 42-48) In this excerpt of a free versed poem, the mood is shown to be this sort of â€Å"depressed† or â€Å"given up on life† type of attitude. Also used in this poem are diction and caesura. Caesura is a natural pause in the middle of a line, sometimes coinciding with punctuation (Quizlet). The short and curt choice of words really gives off the frustrated aura of the poem. And caesura shines through with the use of the semi-colons after every first verse in the line of that stanza. The second influence of Ezra Pound’s poetry and writings had to do with his stay in St. Elizabeth’s Hospital. When Pound was arrested and put in St. Elizabeth’s Hospital he was deemed mentally insane after being convicted of treason. While Pound was in the hospital, he wrote most of his poetry. For example, the series of 120 sections of Cantos were written mostly in the hospital. Furthermore, after being analyzed, his poems and writing were said to be from a â€Å"sane persons mind.† ( Not being a very talkative man out of the hospital, his lack of social skills really showed through while in the hospital; he was not a very warm and fuzzy man. While still in St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Pound was awarded the Bollingen Award by the Library of Congress for his Pisan Cantos (1948). About 10 years later in 1958, his fellow writers and fans released him due to the campaign. I really liked this excerpt of the poem â€Å"Before Sleep† because I feel that it really described how Ezra Pound was feeling in his room at the hospital. He must have had a good amount of time to think and analyze everything going on around him. â€Å"Before Sleep† The lateral vibrations caress me, They leap and caress me, They work pathetically in my favour, They seek my financial good. (Lines 1-4) Obviously from the title of the poem, we can infer that the theme of the poem is about the period of time before one falls asleep. However, any knowledgeable reader can infer that without the title. The imagery used in this poem is absolutely marvelous. When I read the excerpt, I really envision the vibrations becoming one and interacting with the body. That is also an excellent use of personification. Vibrations obviously cannot â€Å"caress† and â€Å"leap† across ones body. In my opinion, Ezra Pound is explaining through the character Kung that being cooped up in the hospital is doing him no good, that he is not himself. â€Å"Without ones’ freedom (character) one cannot get far in life (play on that instrument or execute the music)† (Poems by Ezra Pound) â€Å"Canto 13† And Kung said, Without character you will Be unable to play on that instrument Or to execute the music fit for the Odes. The blossoms of the apricot Blow from the east to the west, And I have tried to keep them from falling. (Lines 80-85) This excerpt from â€Å"Canto 13† has two hidden literacy terms incorporated in its writing. The terms symbolism and didactic poetry are noticeable and relate to each other. Symbolism is used to symbolize the word â€Å"character† with ones freedom and the phrase â€Å"unable to play on that instrument† is used to symbolize the ability to use and control that freedom. This is where didactic poetry comes into play, having freedom and being able to control it is teaching. The third influence that had a major part in Ezra Pounds’ poetry is Imagism. It is safe to say that Ezra Pounds’ most noted contribution to poetry was the founding and involvement of Imagism. Imagism: a literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. (Imagism: Definition from Answers.com) â€Å"We believe that the individuality of a poet may often be better expressed in free verse than in conventional forms. In poetry, a new cadence means a new idea.† (Imagists Quotes). That quote is derived from Ezra Pound and his fellow poets who had a large effect on the Imagism period. One of the other poets was Amy Lowell. In 1912, Pound founded the Imagist School with T.E. Hulme and F.S. Flint and Helda Doolittle. This poem is one of my favorites because it is so direct and honest. Not only is it honest but also it is so forward and really makes me gain more respect for Ezra Pound. This poem is influenced by Imagism because one of the main topics in Imagism is to advocate the use of free verse and this poem is the epitome of free verse.

Gardens Essay -- Environment, Nature and Culture, Landscape

Throughout the history of mankind, the gardens have been created to feed the spirit. The landscape is a relationship between nature and culture; it expresses who we are and where we from. Furthermore, landscape architecture advances along with society and it adjust to the change of their tastes and way of life. It is at first hand the search for a balance of adapting the environment and the advance society. We can observe the different styles and designs process each culture has, simply by looking at what kind of elements, plants, and regulations it uses. For example in the United States a designer takes into consideration the ADA regulations while in Mexico they don’t, which will result in a different design approach. This means that we might witness a similar design containing a bridge crossing through a pond but one design might incorporate railings and the other one will not. This tells us how one society values the importance of incorporating safety and handicap accessi bility just by using different elements. The following essay intends to discuss how culture can contribute to the design of an exterior space and how it’s reflected in the work of a landscape architect. To accomplish this task I am going to look at two landscape architects from different regions and witness how diverse but also how unified they are to each other by looking at the way they incorporate elements from their culture and other societies. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN BRAZIL The first landscape architect that I choose to accomplish my task is Burle Marx. Troguhout his life he designed hundreds of private and public space which helped him get recognized and obtain comitions throughout Latin- America, United States, and across the continent. Burle ... ...Because of the importance of the location of the site the designer took into consideration the culture aspect of the area. The Olympic forest Park combines the traditional Chinese landscape and the feng-shui philosophy with the contemporary design concepts and techniques. Two crucial traditional elements used were the mountain and water feature, these were incorporated in the planning and design of the Olympic Forest Park. An artificial mountain was created and dragon-shape lake flowing along the axis was designed. The mountain designed is called Yandshan Mountain, to accomplish the design of this mountain the designer analyze other important mountains around Beijing. On the south entrance, large stones are located throughout the plaza. the overall design includes rich landforms, mountain chain, islands, and downhill streams that offer diverse eco-habitats (Jie).

Gov’t Paper

People each have different personalities that others like and dislike about them. These individuals can be funny or serious; nice or a jerk; a talker or a listener. All this makes up a person and who they are. A person's personality is similar to a news program; sometimes they can be biased and unreliable; other times they are spot-on and trustworthy. Hardball and O'Reilly are both news programs that display their news differently. While both commentators give their opinions on the subjects, Chris Matthews pushes his opinion more than O'Reilly. During times where Matthews has guest speakers, he always tends to argue with the one that does not agree with his opinions; he pushes his ideas into his opponents' head, not letting them express their thoughts. Even though he refuses to let one's opinions out, Matthews allows the other, who agrees with him, to talk. In other words, he is hard-headed and believes his opinion is right. On one occasion, Jonathan Alters, gave his opinion about how the Republicans are attempting to woo the Latinos' votes, Matthews shuts him up by talking over him, basically yelling. Alters looks as if he was about to burst into tears. On the other hand, O'Reilly tends to ask for his guest speakers' view first, then adding his own. He actually allows them to finish their views, seeing their points out, instead of cutting them off. O'Reilly and Chris Matthews both have different perspectives in the topics that were discussed. O'Reilly leans towards the liberal side, while Matthews is a conservative. For example, O'Reilly notices how everything is based on race, and believes no one should be judged by that. However, it seems that Matthews only wants the Republicans to focus their targets on the white people and not Latinos. In one specific topic that both commentators discussed, the Zimmerman trial, it seems each were on one or the other sides. Chris Matthews argues that Zimmerman acted on self-defense, while O'Reilly gave both sides, but showed sympathy towards Trayvon Martin's family. O'Reilly has more facts, making it seem like his show was a news' show, while Hardball with Chris Matthews is all about argumentative opinions. O'Reilly adds statistics to show subjects and backs each topic with facts. For example, there was a segment about the Arizona forest fire that killed nineteen firefighters. O'Reilly gave facts like how the firefighter had contacted the headquarters, saying that they are using their heat shelters, which was the last resort. Then O'Reilly explains what these heat shelters are, a foil-like blanket that can protect the firefighters from the heat for a certain amount of time. Unlike O'Reilly, Matthews did not give facts, only his own opinions. During the Zimmerman trial segment, he only showed Mark Osterman taking the stand to defend his best friend. He then argues with the guest defense attorney, when she was explaining the harm that was inflicted on Zimmerman. It seems that O'Reilly is more genuine and actually cares about the public's interest. At the end of his show, he had a tip of the day, giving feedback to the audience who sends him e-mails. Hardball had a serious attitude, while O'Reilly had a calm attitude. During Hardball's segments, there was a lot of tension with the arguments. Also, his introduction had the serious music like it was life or death. In O'Reilly's introduction, it had funny captions, and in his segments, he had a calm manner. While Chris Matthews attempted to add humor and jokes into his show, it was not understood. He used a blue cow reference, but some people do not know the meaning of it, so it proved to be ineffective to draw the audience in. However, in O'Reilly's segments, the humor and jokes had a positive impact. After a serious discussion about the Zimmerman trial, to lighten the tension, Megyn Kelly and O'Reilly joked around. Megyn Kelly had given him a chocolate bar as her way of buying dinner. Then she explains that she is going on maternity leave until the fall, but O'Reilly jokingly said she won't be back until next year. Both persons continue to banter back and forth, while the camera crew laughed in the background. This was of course not planned, making it actually humorous. There has been significant issues about race in political topics. In Fremont, Nebraska, the townspeople are frustrated with the undocumented immigrants obtaining jobs in the town. Since Fremont is a meat packaging town, these townspeople need the jobs that the immigrants are taking. These illegal immigrants are sending money back to their home country to their families, so Fremont does not profit from this. In an attempt to stop this, he townspeople want to banned the undocumented individuals from renting apartments and houses without proper documentations. According to U. S. District Judge Laurie Smith Camp, it is a discrimination to deny housing permits to those who were not in the country legally and it interferes with federal laws. However, the town counters back with a policy that requires businesses to use the federal E-ve rify software to check on the employees. Another topic discussed was how Republicans were trying to win the Latin American voters. The Republicans think that if they talk about the immigration reforms they will gain more voters. However, it was stated that no matter what, Latinos will most likely vote for Democrats even if immigration reforms were discussed by the Republicans. The most important topic discussed was the Zimmerman trial. When this first happened, people across the country defended Trayvon Martin, thinking that he was targeted for being a colored person and looking suspicious by wearing a black hoodie at night. Zimmerman was on the night watch around his neighborhood when these two ran into each other. A fight broke out, leading to Zimmerman pulling and shooting the gun at Martin. Zimmerman pled that he was acting in self-defense. All over the country, people even news station wanted Zimmerman to plead guilty to avoid race riots to occur. Nowadays, news delivery is on the decline of being trustworthy. Reporters, journalists, and those who deliver the news to the public now will spin the news to fit what the audience wants or to fit their own opinion. These people can twist a person's opinion just by intensifying the language and speech. The audience will then notice, â€Å"Hey, they are using powerful words; this makes them sound smart so therefore correct. If the newscasters exude confidence and seem to â€Å"know what they are talking about†, they will have more followers. The public tends not to look for the credibility of the sources or even the sources themselves to see if they are reliable. Instead, the public will definitely look for superficial materials like the appearance of the person delivering the news, how the program looks, or if other p eople like it. If someone were to wear casual clothes, their credibility increases; also if the newscaster was attractive, people tend to listen to them. For example, people tune in to Anderson Cooper on CNN and practically worship the ground he walks, just because of his appearance. If the delivery of the news looks not well done, not all people will want to read or view it. People want professional, not something that someone can program in five minutes. An individual will also tend to get advice from their peers as to what to read or watch. For example, if a person trashed a news station to his or her friend, the friend will not want to get information from that news station. With that being said, nowadays, people judge the book by its cover and not by the information provided. Most news station are affiliated with a political party. For example Fox News, when taking politics will favor the Republican view while MNSBC will favor the Democratic view. With that being said, each will attract a different group of people who agree with that the news station has to say. This makes the shows heavily biased. What I've learned through these research sources, is that there are still racial conflicts throughout the United States. Watching the two news program, Hardball and O'Reilly, each segment had something to do with race and ethnics. Latinos are especially targeted, whether it is to win their votes or to get them out of â€Å"American† jobs. Even though, today there are still some segregation in the communities, people will band together to defend someone of different skin color. What I do not get is that if people will defend Trayvon Martin and not know what actually happened, why can't they support the Latin Americans coming into America in search of an opportunity? I think people are just on the bandwagon. They think that supporting Trayvon Martin will make them look like the good guys, but in reality it just makes them look ignorant and stupid. I also learned that each news program is affiliated with a political party, making them biased and untrustworthy because they only address one side of the story. I know that they are just doing that to gain viewers, but if they just address both sides, there will be more educated people and not opinionated. I think the audience should also be aware of what is happening in our country right now. After watching these two shows, I am more aware of these topics. I never paid attention to the political topics and did not know how the Republicans were trying to woo the Latin American voters. My opinions on the two shows differ from each other. I absolutely could not stand watching Hardball. I think Chris Matthews is a hard-headed jerk. He does not think the other opinions matter but his. He yells at his guests when he is talking to them. I could not wait for it to end, and I nearly celebrated when it was over. On the other hand, I was more interested in O'Reilly just by how he represented the topics. He did it in a formally fashioned way; it felt like a conversation with some debates. I actually paid closer attention because of the humor and learned a few things along in the show. I felt that O'Reilly actually cared about the subjects because he gives both sides to the story. Both Hardball and O'Reilly display their information differently. These news shows are like a person's personality; they express emotions and thoughts. Each individual has a different personality that makes them who they are. A personality can make someone like or dislike an individual.

Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power” Essay

Functions of the Ruling Officer: * Promote interest and welfare of the people * For the benefit of the governed * Protection of the inhabitants * Administration of justice * Advancement of the physical, economical, social and cultural well- being of the people * Preservation of the state from danger (internal & external) Ideal Qualities of Governing Politician: * Shall have the brains and ability * Political maturity * Experience â€Å"In order to govern people he does not know or understand, he ought to possess the talent of a genius and extraordinary knowledge.† * Jose Rizal â€Å"The government who fulfils the satisfaction of human expectation is good. The Government that DOES NOT serve the needs of the people but governs to protect the interest and welfare of a few at the expense of many is not good.† * Zulueta â€Å" Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power† * Max Weber * The government is committed to promote: * general welfare, * morals, * intelligence, * social justice * Ultimate happiness Rizal on the Family * Family- the basic and oldest social institution, a very important factor in shaping the character of a child. Family determines: * Child’s social class * Religious orientation * Language * Upbringing of the children Children are Expected to be: * Loyal * Obedient Parents’ Legacies to children: * Rectitude of judgement * Generosity of rights * Steadfastness in adversity â€Å" The greatest honour that a son can pay his parents is integrity and a good name.† Rizal on Livelihood * Rizal vehemently objected Carl Marx’s Communist ideology. * He regarded livelihood as the government’s focal points to alleviate poverty Communism * ideology referring to the equal distribution of wealth. * The government scoops up all the wealth and distributes them evenly or as needed. Means of having a viable livelihood program: * Equal land ownership * Regulation of capital * Government buys from landlords and place it on workers â€Å"Regulation of Capital† was essential to combat the ill effects of capitalism. Each person’s wealth is based on his own personal production. Rizal on Justice â€Å" Justice is a constant and perpetual will to allot to every man what he is due.† Twin ideals of Justice System * Swiftness- occurrence of a speedy trial * Fairness- justice itself â€Å"Justice delayed is justice denied.† No person shall be deprived of life, liberty and property without due process of law.

Semantics - Definitions and Examples

Semantics s The field of linguistics  is concerned with the study of meaning in language. Linguistic semantics has been defined as the study of how languages organize and express meanings. Oddly, says R.L. Trask, some of the most important work in semantics was being done from the late 19th century onwards by philosophers [rather than by linguists]. Over the past 50 years, however, approaches to semantics have proliferated, and the subject is now one of the liveliest areas in linguistics.  The term semantics (from the Greek for sign) was coined by French linguist Michel Brà ©al (1832-1915), who is commonly regarded as a founder of modern semantics. Observations The technical term for the study of meaning in language is semantics. But as soon as this term is used, a word of warning is in order.Any scientific approach to semantics has to be clearly distinguished from a pejorative sense of the term that has developed in popular use, when people talk about the way that language can be manipulated in order to mislead the public. A newspaper headline might read. Tax increases reduced to semanticsreferring to the way a government was trying to hide a proposed increase behind some carefully chosen words. Or someone might say in an argument, Thats just semantics, implying that the point is purely a verbal quibble, bearing no relationship to anything in the real world. This kind of nuance is absent when we talk about semantics from the objective point of linguistic research. The linguistic approach studies the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.(David Crys tal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006) Basic DivisionsBased on the distinction between the meanings of words and the meanings of sentences, we can recognize two main divisions in the study of semantics: lexical semantics and phrasal semantics. Lexical semantics is the study of word meaning, whereas phrasal semantics is the study of the principles which govern the construction of the meaning of phrases and of sentence meaning out of compositional combinations of individual lexemes. . . .The job of semantics is to study the basic, literal meanings of words as considered principally as parts of a language system, whereas pragmatics concentrates on the ways in which these basic meanings are used in practice, including such topics as the ways in which different expressions are assigned referents in different contexts, and the differing (ironic, metaphorical, etc.) uses to which language is put.(Nick Riemer, Introducing Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 2010)The Scope of SemanticsA perennial problem in semantics is the del ineation of its subject matter. The term meaning can be used in a variety of ways, and only some of these correspond to the usual understanding of the scope of linguistic or computational semantics. We shall take the scope of semantics to be restricted to the literal interpretations of sentences in a context, ignoring phenomena like irony, metaphor, or conversational implicature.(Stephen G. Pulman, Basic Notions of Semantics. SRI International, Cambridge, England)[S]emantics is the study of the meanings of words and sentences. . . .As our original definition of semantics suggests, it is a very broad field of inquiry, and we find scholars writing on very different topics and using quite different methods, though sharing the general aim of describing semantic knowledge. As a result, semantics is the most diverse field within linguistics. In addition, semanticists have to have at least a nodding acquaintance with other disciplines, like philosophy and psychology, which also investigate the creation and transmission of meaning. Some of the questions raised in these neighboring disciplines have important effects on the way linguists do semantics.(John I. Saeed, Semantics, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2003) Linguistic Semantics and GrammarThe study of meaning can be undertaken in various ways. Linguistic semantics is an attempt to explicate the knowledge of any speaker of a language which allows that speaker to communicate facts, feelings, intentions and products of the imagination to other speakers and to understand what they communicate to him or her. . . . Early in life every human acquires the essentials of a languagea vocabulary and the pronunciation, use and meaning of each item in it. The speakers knowledge is largely implicit. The linguist attempts to construct a grammar, an explicit description of the language, the categories of the language and the rules by which they interact. Semantics is one part of grammar; phonology, syntax and morphology are other parts.(Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics. Routledge, 1998)

The Best ACT Prep Websites You Should Be Using

The Best ACT Prep Websites You Should Be Using SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you think ofTwitterorInstagram, your first thought probably isn't aboutACT prep. But you can actually find veryhelpful ACT information on these sites and several others. Rather than relying solely on heavy ACT prep books, you can lighten your load by moving your ACT prep online. You'll find lots of free resources on everything, from test content and key strategies to high-quality practice questions. This guide will go over the besttest prep websites you should be using if you're aiming to ace the ACT. But first, a word on the perspective Ihave when it comes to ACT websites. Disclaimer: How ACT Websites Can Help You You might be wondering how objective a guide from an online ACT prep company can be about recommending other online ACT resources. To give full disclosure, I personally think PrepScholar has the most insightful and relevant ACT guides available online. We delve into every aspect of the testing process, such as choosing your test dates, understanding the scoring process, knowing exactly what's on each section, and using time-saving comprehension strategies to maximize your scores.We also take a holistic approach to test prep, keeping in mind that every student has different goals and schedules and can come from any grade in middle school or high school. That being said, there are several other websites that are important to explore and learn from as you prep for the ACT. Rather than limiting yourself to one source of information, you can best prepare yourself and boost your scores by taking advantage of all free online ACT resources. This guide is meant to help you find the best ACT websites for the following: Logistics, such as choosing your test dates and registering for the test Understanding the content and format of the test Learning strategies Locating the highest-quality practice questions that will get you ready for the ACT First, let's take a look at the official ACT website and the parts of it that are most useful to you. Official ACT Website The official ACT website is where you'll register for the ACT. Here, you'll create an account with a username and password, and then upload a photo of yourself. Besides test dates and registration, the ACT website offers a useful overview of accommodations, what to take with you on test day, and college and financial planning. Since you can find more in-depth information about mostof these areas elsewhere, I'd say the most useful part of the ACT website for test prep is its official sample questionsfor the English, Math, Reading, Science, and Writing sections. After you create an ACT account, you can find an ACT Question of the Day, which can be useful to start early and study a little at a time. The site also offers a useful ACT study guide in both English and Spanish. If you don't mind spending a bit, you can also purchase the ACT Online Prep Program for $39.95. This program haslessons in English, Reading, Math, and Science; it also has two Writing prompts and sample essays. Itoffers some degree of personalization and keeps track of your progress so you know what you've studied and what you still need to review. Practice questions from ACT, Inc., are extremely useful ,as they are official questions directly from the test makers and thus the truest representation of what you'll encounter on the ACT. However, they're not updated very often, and the website has a relatively small number of ACT practice questionsavailable for free. I recommend answering these only after having done some other prep first as a way to gauge your level and figure out what you still need to improve. Another drawback of these ACT practice questions is that your answers are evaluated after each page; this formatdoesn't simulate the timing or pacing of the actual ACT. The ACT website is useful for general information and the limited number of practice questions it offers, but you'll want to look elsewhere for strategy.While this website offers a few test-taking tips, it's pretty surface level and not customized to different students. Since ACT, Inc., doesn't want to give away test-taking secrets or strategies for seeing through their tricks, the official site is not going to offer much in the way of this kind of guidance. So what other sites can you use to find strategy as well as additional high-quality ACT practice questions? These are the best sites for drawing upyour ACT game plan. Best ACT Websites for Strategy If you've searched for ACT resources online, you've probably noticedthat there are a lot more sites devoted to the SAT than the ACT. Even though the ACT is just as popular among students, the test-prep resources don't seem to havequite caught up yet. That's why you'll often search for ACT vocabulary and get referred to lists of obscure SAT vocabulary words, or try to find ACT Questions of the Dayonly to realize they're not all that specific to the test. In terms of ACT-specific content and strategy guides, I believe that PrepScholar far outstrips the competition in its level of detail and authenticity.As we'll discuss more below, though, you can also find some helpful strategies for ACT Reading, English, and Writing on Erica Meltzer's blog, The Critical Reader, and learn about the purpose of the ACT and the approaches you can take through Sparknotes. PrepScholar ACT Guides PrepScholar offers a wide variety of in-depth guides with specific, realistic ACT examples. We break down exactly what's tested on each section and give yousuggested study schedules to help you manage your time as well as strategies for guessing.What's more, we customize our advice to make it relevant to students of all grade levels and with all different target scores and schedules. Here are some of our especially helpful guides that break down exactly what's tested on each section of the ACT: What's Actually Tested on the ACT English Section? What's Actually Tested on the ACT Reading section? The 4 Types of ACT Reading Passages You Should Know What's Actually Tested on the ACT Math Section? What's Actually Tested on the ACT Science Section? The 3 Types of ACT Science Passages While these guides offer some strategy along with explanation of ACT content, you can find others that are specifically oriented toward teaching you strategies and helping you master the test: The Ultimate Free ACT Study Guide: Tips, Strategies, and Practice The Best Way to Review Your Mistakes onACT Questions The 31 ACT Critical Math Formulas You Must Know The Complete Guide to ACT Grammar Rules Time Management Tips and Section Strategy on ACT Science ACT Vocabulary | Words You Must Know How to Write an ACT Essay: Step Exactly How Long Should You Study for the ACT? 6 Step Guide Should You Guess on the ACT? 5 Guessing Strategies How to Get a Perfect ACT Score, by a 36 Full Scorer In offering you these links, our hope is thatall students will have access to the resources they need to succeed in high school and achieve their post-secondary goals. We also welcome comments and emails and try to respond to your questions and input as soon as possible. If PrepScholar's approach resonates with your ACT goals and learning style, then you should check out our ACT prep 5 day free trial. This gives you access to the full ACT prep program. At the end of the five days, you can call it a day or choose to sign up for the rest of the test prep program. The best way to make the most of these ACT guides is to try out the strategies they suggest using sample problems and timed practice tests. You can thendetermine which ones best help you comprehend the material in a deep and efficient way. Erica Meltzer's The Critical Reader Erica Meltzer posts helpful, though sometimes short, blog posts about the Reading, English, and essay sections of the ACT. They are accessible and offer tips and tricks beyond what you would find on the official ACT website. Some particularly helpful posts include the following: A suggestion for managing time on ACT English Worry about when you DO need a comma, not when you don't Do ACT Reading passages in order of most to least interesting Shortcut: paragraph "main function" Reading both this blog and PrepScholar's guides will expose you to different strategies so you can determine which ones work best for you. For instance, Meltzer suggests that students read entire passages before answering questions, which is not necessarily the advice we give for reading ACT passages. By exploring content across various sites, you can learn more than one approach and customize the advice to best fit your learning style and needs. Sparknotes and the ACT If the ACT were better served online, thenSparknotes might not have made the list as an especially useful ACT website. Since there aren't many resources for ACT strategy, though, I think Sparknotes is worth looking over for its descriptions of the test and strategies about answering questions and saving time. Like PrepScholar, Sparknotes encourages students to set target scores and shape their study plans around meeting their individualized score goals. This site is useful for an initial reading about ACT content and strategy. Once you finish reading it, you can thenmove on to other ACT websites to get more specialized advice with more specific examples from the test. Since there aren't too many specific examples given on this site, you'll have to seek out practice problems and apply the strategies yourself. That leads us to perhaps the most important part of online test prep: where can you find all the good practice questions? ACT Websites for Practice Questions As we discussed above, the official ACT website offers free sample questions for each section, an essay question, and scored sample essays. While official practice questions are the best ones for test prep, there are a lot of high-quality practice questions from well-known test-prep companies. These sites are a good start for finding free online (both official and unofficial) ACT practice questions. PrepScholar Resource for Official ACT Practice Tests Our convenient guide lets you download and print all official ACT practice testsalong with their answer keys.These are real tests administered in past years, so they're exactly like what you'll see on test day! Once you've printed out a practice test, find a quiet room and time yourself as you take it. After you finish, go back and analyze your strengths and weaknesses. You can also check out ourfree five-day trial for our ACT prep program to access tons more practice questions. PowerScore This prep website lets you download four official ACT practice tests with answer keys (these are the same tests we've compiled above). Once again, try tosimulate testing conditions to get a sense of time management and the real test experience.You should also pay close attention to how ACT questions are worded and arranged. Since there are no answer explanations here, you'll have to try to analyze your own mistakes and figure out what your errors in reasoning are for any questions you get wrong. Varsity Tutors Unlike the official practice tests you'd have to print and score yourself, Varsity Tutors offers free ACT questions you can do online and get automatically scored. These questions are helpful for reviewing concepts and reinforcing content knowledgebut less so for gaining familiarity with how actual ACT questions are structured and worded (since they're not official practice questions). Khan Academy Even though Khan Academy's test-prep videos are mainly for the SAT, they contain plenty of advice you can apply to the ACT as well. Check out our guide to using Khan Academy for ACT prep to learn exactly how to use this resource. Khan Academy has numerous videos explaining different math, science, and reading subjects, and many people find that they learn more from watching a video compared to just reading. Try Khan Academy out to see whether it's a good ACT prep resource for you. Overall, although the ACT is not as well served online as the SAT is, you can still find a number of good resources for test-taking strategy and practice questions, in the form of bothofficial tests and practice questions. But what else should you do to make the most of these resources and get prepared for the ACT? How to UseACT Websites Effectively First off, to best use the official ACT website, you'll want tocreate an account by filling out your personal information and uploading a photo. Make sure to write down your username and password since you'll be creating a lot of online accounts during the college process and don't want to find yourself locked out of your account! When it comes to PrepScholar's guides, Erica Meltzer's blog, and the other sites discussed above, simply visit them and get reading and practicing. As with theACT StudentTwitter account, you can follow PrepScholar on Twitter and Facebookor subscribe to our newsletter for helpful test-prep and college-admissions information. One site I didn't mention for test prep is College Confidential. This useful forum lets you discuss test prep and the college process andgain a sense of community among both students and parents. By sharing your questions and stories, you can get valuable insight and support as you work toward achieving your ACT goals. Above all, I highly recommend searching for and trying out strategies that you think will work best for you. Unfortunately, the official ACT website doesn't publicize many strategies that'll give you an edge on the test. There are manyvaluable approaches you can use as you prep for the ACT. Make sure toexplore these online resources and figure out what works best for you so that you can achieve your best ACT scores! What's Next? The guides on ACT strategyI mentioned above are just a few of the guides PrepScholar offers- and that we're continually adding to every day. Browse more guides on general strategies for taking the test and ones specific to Math, Science, English, Reading, and the essay. You can also learn more about the exact content and format of each ACT section, such ashow much science you actually need to know to master the ACT Science section. Are youwondering when you should sign up to take the ACT for the first time? This guide describes the most important considerations to help you choose the best test date for you. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Definition and Examples of Performative Verbs

Definition and Examples of Performative Verbs In English grammar  and speech-act theory, a performative verb is a  verb  that explicitly conveys the kind of speech act being performed- such as  promise, invite, apologize, predict, vow, request, warn, insist,  and  forbid. Also known as speech-act verb or  performative utterance.   The concept of performative verbs  was introduced by Oxford philosopher J. L. Austin in  How to Do Things With Words  (1962) and further developed by American philosopher J.R. Searle, among others. Austin estimated that a good dictionary contains upwards of 10,000 performative or speech-act verbs. Examples and Observations Performative verbs name actions that are performed, wholly or partly, by saying something (state, promise); non-performative verbs name other types of actions, types of action which are independent of speech (walk, sleep).-Kirsten Malmkjaer, Speech-Act Theory. The  Linguistics Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004As your lawyer, your brother, and your friend, I highly recommend that you get a better lawyer.-David Patrick Kelly as Jerry Horne in Twin Peaks, 1990The faculty at Ohios Bowling Green State University vetoed a professors planned course on political correctness. Kathleen Dixon, director of womens studies at the university, explained: We forbid any course that says we restrict free speech.-George Will, Newsweek. December  25, 2000I declare, he said, with the mamma I got its a wonder I turned out to be such a nice boy!-Flannery OConnor, Greenleaf. The Kenyon Review, 1957As your president, I would demand a science-fiction library, featuring an ABC of the genre. Asimov, Best er, Clarke.-Martin Prince in Lisas Substitute. The Simpsons, 1991 ApologizingBy saying we apologize we perform an expressive act simultaneously with the naming of that expressive act. It is for this reason that apologize is called a performative verb, defined as a verb denoting linguistic action that can both describe a speech act and express it. This explains why we can say that we are sorry, but not that we are sorry on someone elses behalf because be sorry only expresses, but does not describe the act of making an apology.-R. Dirven and M. Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics. John Benjamins, 2004Hedged PerformativesGenerally, the performative verb...is in the simple present active and the subject is I, but the verb may be in the simple present passive and the subject need not be I: Smoking is forbidden; The committee thanks you for your services. A test for whether a verb is being used performatively is the possible insertion of hereby: I hereby apologize; The committee hereby thanks you. In hedged performatives, the verb is present but the speech act is performed indirectly: In saying I must apologize for my behavior, the speaker is expressing an obligation to make an apology, but implies that the acknowledgment of that obligation is the same as an apology. In contrast, I apologized is a report, and Must I apologize? is a request for advice.-S. Greenbaum, The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press,  1992

Political Influences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political Influences - Essay Example e members of the government regarding the interest of the common man or businesses as their interest is at stake when the government is making policies. They educate the policy makers regarding the pros and cons that are associated with a particular decision (Mahoney 215). The policy makers then take into consideration this information to devise policies. For example: during the period of 2013, an interest group regarded as Minnesotans United for All Families lobbied against a policy that would have been implemented and would have banned same sex marriage in the state. The interest group was involved in the hiring of a total of 14 lobbyists who lobbied in against the law that the government was going to pass in order to ban same sex marriage (Minnesota.cbslocal.com 1). In this example an interest group that was trying to protect the interest and the rights of LGBT was involved in the process of lobbying by hiring lobbyist and were successful in their

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

ART - Essay Example he existing relationship between the two concepts is that both aim to achieve visual effects in a composition (Bartel 52).This paper will discuss the works of Leonardo da Vinci’s, The Last Supper 1498, Henri Matisse’s, the Red Room, early 20th century, Vincent van Gogh’s, Starry Nights late 1800s and finally Maya Lin’s Civil Rights Memorial, Atlanta 1989 in sub-sections while relating them to the elements and principles of design. When I closely take a look at the picture, the apostle’s faces are filled with curiosity and anxiety. Here, the element of intensity manifests itself as one analyzes their emotional expression. The artist highly displays comprehension of the apostle’s feelings. On the other hand I may view this element as a clue to the real emotions experienced by Leonardo, he might be challenging his emotions by masking them but in reality he manifests them in the apostles. Their figures are shifting to form three figure groups and in turn between them a space appears. The unity principle can be used to explain the close relationships forming among the apostles, whereas, the space indicates a new beginning in the Italian revolution. People will have different views and start breaking close bonds to unite with the appropriate friends. This tends to explain the principle of balance where the apostles are in search of a visual equilibrium or rather those they share common grounds with. ( Bartel 53). The air element inside the room might seem tensed but looking outside one sees a peaceful quiet environment. This in turn extinguishes some tension within the room as the air outside mixes with the air inside to create a balance. The use of shapes is also evident on this picture; Jesus Christ is at the center of the table in alignment with the rectangular walls, ceiling board and the windows depicting value and depth. His head is keenly centered vertically and horizontally. In terms of color, the left wall is fairly bright as compared to the right

Controversy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Controversy analysis - Essay Example The bottled water industry opposes the views that their products are not environmentally friendly. They stress the efforts of the industry to recycled bottled waters, and they underscore that many other consumer products have larger ecological footprints than bottled water (Foley). Should bottled water be banned in local communities with safe tap water? Tap water has been criticized for quality issues, and so several individuals and organizations insist that the public is entitled to access to bottled water. Stephen C. Edberg, director of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of the Yale-New Haven Hospital and professor of Laboratory Medicine, Internal Medicine and Chemical Engineering at Yale University, explains why bottled water is the preferred choice for many citizens. He notes that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assessed that tap water has limited filtration and disinfection processes, so it advised the public that: â€Å"Because you cannot be sure if your tap water is safe, you may wish to avoid tap water, including water or ice from a refrigerator ice-maker, which is made with tap water and/or drink bottled water.† If the CDC already knows that tap water is not entirely safe, it is clear why many people continue to buy bottled water. Furthermore, Edberg shows that bottled water is safer than tap water because the former goes through several filtration processes. He stresses that while tap water undergoes less specialized filter and disinfection processes bottled water, such as adding chlorine only, bottled water employs â€Å"a more controlled process that can avoid external contamination from the source through the bottling process.† Bottled waters are also hygienically sealed, which seals in freshness and quality, while tap water cannot make the same claims (Edberg). Banning bottled water can expose citizens to

Teenage pregnancy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teenage pregnancy - Term Paper Example According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States government could save $9 billion dollars annually if teenage pregnancy were prevented. As a result of increasing cases of teenage pregnancy, most of the funds are spent primarily in foster care, health care, and incarceration costs. Teenage pregnancy is a matter of concern in the State of Mississippi, which is among the top five states with the highest number of teenage pregnancies (Klemas et al., 2009). The majority of teenagers who were pregnant are those of non-Hispanic origin. In a survey study conducted in 2006, Mississippi was the leading in teenage pregnancies amongst the 50 states (Klemas et al., 2009). Additionally, Mississippi was the leading with teen births all over the country and it has led to a loss to the State government of Mississippi due to heavy spending on various programs aimed at addressing the challenges (Klemas et al., 2009). From the above discussion, teenage pregnancy is a topic o f concern in the American society. It has attracted the attention of all the stakeholders including the health, government, and nongovernmental organizations. Additionally, the government has spent considerable millions of dollars derived from the public funds to finance the health care and other incarnations related to teenage pregnancy (Klemas et al., 2009). Teenage pregnancy affects everybody, and its a duty of everyone to rally support to stop the issue. The most important solution to the problem includes the government use of resources to offer education to the targeted group and the use of media to educate and inform on the consequences of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy can stop if the government increases awareness amongst the targeted group through the use of its resources to campaign against the vice. Many of the teenage pregnancies are unplanned for and mostly occur due to poverty and lack of

Global Priorities and Services to Children Research Paper

Global Priorities and Services to Children - Research Paper Example The rights can be summarized as having a safe, healthy and secure environment for the children and their families. There are laws in place that guard and protect the children from abuse and exploitation that need to be respected by all, regardless of whether it is the government or its citizens. Children whose lives are already in jeopardy need to be mobilized and programs and centres need be initiated and built respectively for their rehabilitation as this will help them regain their objectivity in their lives. World leaders need to embrace crisis negotiation and arbitration culture instead of the use of force that results in warfare in which children and women become the most affected. Losing parents to war at tender ages affect the children psychologically and rehabilitating them becomes a tall order. Children refugees and the victims of war need to be availed of the services and goods that are enjoyed by the other children who have not been affected so that equality persists even in the camps (Davidson, 2010). They need to be supported as so as to help them get their minds out of the trauma of losing close family and friends. Children who undergo traumatic incidences in childhood, tend to be violent and engage in violent crimes even terrorism in a bid to revenge for their loved ones. Governments need to bring their heads together in the fight against violence and terrorism including the trading of weapons illegally as they fall in the hands of wrong people including vulnerable children.

Teenage pregnancy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teenage pregnancy - Term Paper Example According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States government could save $9 billion dollars annually if teenage pregnancy were prevented. As a result of increasing cases of teenage pregnancy, most of the funds are spent primarily in foster care, health care, and incarceration costs. Teenage pregnancy is a matter of concern in the State of Mississippi, which is among the top five states with the highest number of teenage pregnancies (Klemas et al., 2009). The majority of teenagers who were pregnant are those of non-Hispanic origin. In a survey study conducted in 2006, Mississippi was the leading in teenage pregnancies amongst the 50 states (Klemas et al., 2009). Additionally, Mississippi was the leading with teen births all over the country and it has led to a loss to the State government of Mississippi due to heavy spending on various programs aimed at addressing the challenges (Klemas et al., 2009). From the above discussion, teenage pregnancy is a topic o f concern in the American society. It has attracted the attention of all the stakeholders including the health, government, and nongovernmental organizations. Additionally, the government has spent considerable millions of dollars derived from the public funds to finance the health care and other incarnations related to teenage pregnancy (Klemas et al., 2009). Teenage pregnancy affects everybody, and its a duty of everyone to rally support to stop the issue. The most important solution to the problem includes the government use of resources to offer education to the targeted group and the use of media to educate and inform on the consequences of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy can stop if the government increases awareness amongst the targeted group through the use of its resources to campaign against the vice. Many of the teenage pregnancies are unplanned for and mostly occur due to poverty and lack of

Reliance on EC Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reliance on EC Law - Essay Example The state will be held liable if it fails to implement the provisions of the EC Directives properly and within the date prescribed for such implementation. Individuals can seek the Court’s intervention, if their rights are breached, due to the non – implementation or improper implementation of Directives, on the basis of the doctrine of state liability. However, in such cases, the violation committed by the state should be of a serious nature2. For instance,the ECJ held in the Angonese case that Article 39 EC is directly effective. This Article deals with the free movement of workers3. The European Court of Justice, through its case law, had established that certain Treaty Articles would have direct effect. However, not all Treaty Articles have that characteristic, and some Articles do not provide rights to individuals. Such Articles, under no circumstances, can have direct effect. The prominent case in this regard was that of Van Duyn v. Home Office4. The principles relating to direct effect were discussed threadbare in this case. The Van Duyn case was chiefly based on Article 39 EC Treaty, which provides for the freedom of movement of workers throughout the community. This Article was designed to have direct effect. In order to have direct effect, a provision must be legally justifiable, or the provision should be deemed to be appropriate, for a court to enforce it. Such provisions should be free of ambiguity for the purpose of enforcement by a Member State5. In Defrenne v Sabena6, the ECJ held that Treaty Articles would have direct effect between individual and the state as well as between two private individuals7. Dev, a school teacher, applied for seven days paid leave in March 2008, which was refused on the grounds that he was eligible for only three days, in accordance with the Study and Training Act. Dev can take recourse to EU law for claiming seven days paid leave. He can file a case in the national courts against the

Ohms Law Series-Parallel Circuits Calculation Essay Example for Free

Ohms Law Series-Parallel Circuits Calculation Essay To end up the discussion of Series-Parallel Circuits, I would like to post this last one remaining topic which is about Ohms Law of Series-Parallel Circuits for currents and voltages. I did not even mentioned in my previous topics on how to deal with its currents and voltages regarding this type of circuit connection. Ohms Law in Series-Parallel Circuits Ohms Law in Series-Parallel Circuits Current The total current of the series-parallel circuits depends on the total resistance offered by the circuit when connected across the voltage source. The current flow in the entire circuit and it will divide to flow through parallel branches. In case of parallel branch, the current is inversely proportional to the resistance of the branch that is the greater current flows through the least resistance and vice-versa. Then, the current will then sum up again after flowing in different circuit branch which is the same as the current source or total current. The total circuit current is the same at each end of a series-parallel circuit, and is equal to the current flow through the voltage source. Ohms Law in Series-Parallel Circuits Voltage The voltage drop across a series-parallel circuits also occur the same way as in series and parallel circuits. In series parts of the circuit, the voltage drop depends on the individual values of the resistors. In parallel parts of the circuit, the voltage across each branch are the same and carries a current depends on the individual values of the resistors. If in case of circuit below, the voltage of the series resistance forming a branch of the parallel circuit will divide the voltage across the parallel circuit. If in case of the single resistance in a parallel branch, the voltage across is the same as the sum of the voltages of the series  resistances. The sum of the voltage across R3 and R4 is the same   as the voltage across R2. Finally, the sum of the voltage drop across each paths between the two terminal of the series-parallel circuit is the same as the total voltage applied to the circuit. Lets have a very simple example of this calculation for this topic. Considering the circuit below with its given values, lets calculate the total current, current and voltage drop across each resistances. What is the total current, current and voltage across each resistances Here is the simple calculation of the circuit above: a. Calculate first the total resistance of the circuit: The equivalent resistance for R2 and R3 is: R2-3 = 25X50/ 25+50 = 16.67 ohms R total = 30 ohms + 16.67 ohms = 46.67 ohms b. Calculate the Total Current using Ohms Law: I1 = 120V / 46.67 Ohms = 2.57 Amp. Since R1 is in series connection, the total current is the same for that path. c. Calculating the voltage drop for R1: VR1 = 2.57 Amp x 30 ohms = 77.1 volts d. Calculate the voltage drop across R2 and R3. Since the equivalent resistance for R2 and R3 as calculated above is 16.67 ohms, we can now calculate the voltage across each branch. VR2 = VR3 = 2.57 Amp x 16.67 ohms = 42. 84 volts e. Finally, we can now calculate the individual current for R2 and R3: I2 = VR2 / R2 = 42.84 volts / 25 ohms = 1.71 Amp. I3 = VR3 / R3 = 42.84 volts / 50 ohms = 0.86 Amp. You may also check if the current in each path of the parallel branch are correct by adding its currents: I1 = I2 + I3 = 1.71 Amp + 0.86 Amp = 2.57 Amp. which is the same as calculated above. Therefore, we can say that our answer is correct.

Role of ICE in Tourism Industry

Role of ICE in Tourism Industry The Tourism industry today is highly competitive and generates considerable income for every destination of interest, and has arguably become economically indispensable. In the last decade, the structure and operational aspects of the industry have been undergoing significant changes in an attempt to keep up with Social and Economic developments as a result of the fast dispersal of the Internet and increasing E-Business; all of which have impacted on the demand for tourism products and the manner in which they can be obtained. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is being used in a multitude of overlapping activities within the Tourism sector, ranging from internal organisational functions to external communication between different parts of the industry, as well as facilitating how employees of the industry perform their jobs and how consumers experiences are enhanced. In other words the application of ICT is affecting the entire Tourism Value Chain (Buhalis, 2003). Its fair to say that in light of this, the continuous development of ICT has profound implications in the way the industry managed. With the implementation of new forms of ICT, an innovative type of E-Tourism has emerged that is radically transforming the Tourism industry on a world wide scale; the effects of which are discussed in more detail on the pages that follow. Since the early 1960’s when the first Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) was introduced, which according to Fesenmaier (2000) changed the way Tourism Operators conducted business in the sector; four interrelated eras can been identified (Frangialli, 1998). The Data Processing era in the 1960s; Management Information Systems era in the 1970s; Strategic Information Systems era in the 1980s and the Emerging Network era in the 1990s. Since their introduction many of these systems have been changed from their original appearance, new tools have emerged to take advantage of the benefits introduced by these systems, not least of all the Emerging Network era where the internet has significantly enhanced the operational aspects of the sector in general. It is fair to argue that the Internet has had considerable impact on the application of Tourism management, as people are able to obtain all their travel information and services at home via the Internet. The distribution of travel and tourism products using the Internet has bought about significant cost advantages for providers of Tourism services, and increased customer satisfaction as they provide a full service to their consumers. It is unquestionable, this revolutionary development is accountable for much of the technological developments at the heart of the industry today (Poon, 1993) which has evolved as a result of the Network era, identified above, and has led to further developments in the form of Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce). Keen and Macintosh (2001) stress that M-Commerce is marking the start of a fifth era of innovation and will continue to extend the way Tourism organisations conduct business. Moreover, according to Keen and Macintosh (2001), those who adopt new ICT and those who manage partner relationships more dynamically, will expand their market share even further by taking advantage of new developments. Just as CRS changed the way Travel Operators conducted their business, technologies, such as WiFi and WiMax [same as Wi-Fi only on much larger scale] are now changing the way Operators communicate with consumers. Academics such as Kalakota, (2001) suggest that Wi-Fi and M-Commerce, are key technological developments with wide-ranging benefits to the tourism industry. Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity and in simple terms means that computers, peripherals and connectivity to the Internet no longer need to be connected physically, creating a completely wire free system. The benefits of such a system include the costs of setting up are reduced as cabling is expensive, disruptive and not always possible. Wi-Fi allows wider networks, because it does not need to be limited to those machines which are physically linked, fostering greater mobility as people are no-longer restricted to working only at their desks. As a result of these reasons, the cost of creating Wi-Fi networks in places like coffee shops for example are low, which has lead to the creation of many new â€Å"Wi-Fi hotspots† encouraging visitors to linger and spend more on refreshments for example. Hotels are also taking advantage of the benefits and offering Wi-Fi services to all its guests at next to nothing. Furthermore, the implications for major visitor attractions are equally exciting. For example visitors to museums could use along their own Wi-Fi enabled device and access the museum website in their own language and obtain information on exhibits and so on. Service providers are building nationwide networks of Wi-Fi hotspots that can be accessed for a fee, and it is this partner relationship within the Tourist sector which needs to be managed more dynamically, and Tourism organisations need to nurture this relationship in order to provide the services consumers are expecting. A key example of this partner relationship can be witnessed at Heathrow Terminal 1, Paddington station, selected Hilton Hotels, as well as many pubs, as examples of Organisations who have paired up with Wi-Fi service providers, and taking advantage of this Technology. According to Aramberri (2001), these developments have changed the way Tourism Organisations operate, as these developments have led to consumers demanding more services, and changed the end to end process that restricted the services provided by organisations before the Network Era. In other words new ICT has both facilitated more demanding consumers, but also enabled Operators to heighten the travelling experience. Thus, in order to compete for market share Travel operators need to find new and innovative ways in applying ICT to the services they are offering. A key example of this can be illustrated with location-based services (LBS) which refers to information services accessible through a mobile handset, based on geographical location. According to Kpper, (2005) Tourism is among the first industries taking advantage of LBS, despite some doubt concerning the compatibility of some devices, with regards to operating systems, data formats, and limitations in user interfaces. In other words at present there is no generic LBS that could run on any device. In addition with regards to the application of ICT across the industry, it is now faced with a number of challenges. The Internet allows consumers to obtain information concerning their choices, it is still difficult to judge the credibility of this information, and in the absence of sufficient regulation, consumers still are concerned with the risks. Furthermore, there are still some areas in the Tourism industry that are not actively involved in the utilisation of ICT, and one the key developments through the eras identified above has been the complete utilisation of that system across the entire sector, and there is a risk given the pace of technological development that some aspects of the industry may get left behind. This would reduce the competitiveness of the industry and remove one of the key drivers for change within the sector. In summary ICT, particularly in the form of M-Commerce as a result of Wi-Fi enabled services has had profound implications for the operation of the tourism industry in three main areas. Firstly it has radically altered the way in which information is transmitted throughout the industry. Hence, it changes and challenges the way in which Tourism services are delivered and requires that Operators find new ways to satisfy tourists’ needs and that the needs are satisfied on demand. Secondly, the use of ICT is driven by the development of complex demands, as well as by the rapid expansion and sophistication of new products, such as the development of LBS, which as a result has enhanced the need for a wider network of Operators to include other businesses which traditionally do not form part of the Tourism sector such as service providers and mobile handset producers. Finally ICT has gone some way to bridge the distance between consumers and suppliers. It changes the best operational practices in the industry and enables innovative Operators to take advantage of the emerging tools and get closer to consumers. In conclusion ICT is a strategic tool used to enhance profitability and competitiveness of the Tourism sector and the future destination and competitiveness of the sector depends upon the successful implementation and management of this fifth technological era. References Abowd, G. D., et al. (1997): Cyberguide: A mobile context-aware tour guide, ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 421-433. Aramberri, J. (2001): The host should get lost: paradigms in tourism theory, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 738-761. Buhalis, D., 2003, eTourism: Information Technology for strategic tourism management, Pearson. Fesenmaier, D., et al., Eds. (2000): Information and communication technologies in tourism, Springer. Fodness, D. and B. Murry (1997): Tourist information search, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 503-523. Guerley, W. (2000), â€Å"Making Sense of the Wireless Web†, Fortune, August 15. Available at: www.fortune.com Kalakota, R., and Robinson, M. (2001), M-Business: The Race to Mobility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Keen, P., and Mackintosh, R. (2001), The Freedom Economy: Gaining the M-commerce Edge in the Era of the Wireless Internet. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. Kpper, A (2005), Location-Based Services: Fundamentals and Operation: Fundamentals and Application. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 2nd Edition Laudon, K., Traver, C., 2002, eCommerce: Business, technology, society, Addison Wesley, Boston. Moore, K., et al. (1995): Behavioural conceptualization of tourism and leisure, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 67-85. Snepenger, D. J., et al. (1990): Information search strategies by destination-naive tourists, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 13-16. Tribe, J. (1999): Economics of Leisure and Tourism, Butterworth-Heinemann, London. V.K. (2002), Global M-commerce – Business Opportunities for Wireless Data Services; in World Market Series

Essay --

In recent years, the word â€Å"Media† has become a controversial subject due to the reputation that has been formed surrounding it. When defined, â€Å"Media† can refer to any form of mass communication, designed to convey information around the globe. However, due to the influential nature of broadcasting, large corporations such as the American broadcasting Corporation (ABC) manipulate reality in order to convey a specific ideology. Under certain circumstances, mass-manipulation of such information can vastly impact the perception of the public on issues such as insurgency in the Middle East. An example of this effect is the aftermath of 9/11, the monumental act of aggression and revolt that took place on the morning of September 11th 2001 in New York City, NY. At 9:03 am United Flight 175, a Boeing 757, was flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. The aircraft entered the south face at floors 77-85, controlled by several men of Middle Eastern ethnicity (Federal Bureau of Investigation). In the wake of tragedy, the gap between religion and ethnicity was merged. All those of Middle Eastern ethnicity, or Islamic practice (collectively referred to as â€Å"Muslims†), were negatively isolated and integrated into the world of broadcasting. It took mere minutes for reports of the catastrophe to be broadcasted globally and mere days Muslims across the United States to become the central target of discrimination. The imagery, videos and language used to represent innocent civilians of the Middle East have been successful in generating a common sense of fear and uncertainty, in regards to what the future holds, across the country. Corporations such as the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Cable News Network (CNN) devotedly b... ...hysteria† affect (Kellner 45). Mass hysteria is defined to be a large population in which all members exhibit similar mental agitation. In reference to 9/11, employing the technique of hysteria was designed to create a fear that would have previously not existed, by promoting the viewers to make a connection between insurgency and average civilians in the Middle East. In conclusion, a large portion of the stigma we associate with Muslim Americans today can be accredited to the American National News, whom frequently broadcast biased material that conveys nefarious stereotypes and promotes negative attitudes. In order to reverse the false perception, and negative demeanor Americans carry in regards to Muslims, awareness must be raised about the manipulation techniques used by the mass media that influence the public opinion on the controversial subject of terrorism.

Pizza delivery Essay

The foray of multinational fast food retailers into India has impacted the taste buds of Indian consumers significantly. Instant food is scoring over traditional food due to influence of Western countries, and rise in income & subsequent standard of living, convenience, etc. As a result, fast food menus are gaining wider acceptance from the Indian consumers. The Indian fast  Food Industry Dryer  has witnessed high growth strides in the past years, with increasing disposable income; exposure to a number of cuisines; and consumers’ willingness to experiment a mix of both Western and local menu. It has not only provided convenience to people who shuttle between home and work for a bigger part of the day but also eliminated the requirement of conventional cutlery. This industry at the moment thrives on international appeal endorsed by niche chains. The development of nutritious and healthier replacements for the traditional servings at fast food restaurants has transformed into mass promotion of portable foods. As per a new research report titled ‘Indian Fast Food Market Analysis’, currently the Indian fast food industry stands at a massive size of ` 47 billion, driven by a growing number of working professionals and increasing westernization. Apart from this, busy life schedule, standardized food, and less time-consuming processes are also fuelling the demand from domestic consumers in the industry. As demand for all types of fast food items are consistently on the rise, pizza, burger, and French fries have become the all time favorite among young Indians, more so with some of the well-known burger and pizza restaurants like McDonald’s, Domino’s, KFC, Pizza Hut, Nirula’s etc, operating in India. Consumers’ first choice As far as products are concerned, instant noodles and pasta are at a nascent stage but are fast evolving in the Indian fast food business. Demand for these food items are growing as consumers with hectic lifestyles do not want to spend much time in cooking. Besides, a variety of noodles and pasta is easily available in the international fast food makers’ menu at an attractive price range, pulling various consumers to add these delicious foods into their palates. The instant noodles and pasta segment has thus turned out to be a big hit among fast food lovers, resulting in the entry of many leading players into this segment. As per an ongoing study on the Indian  fast food  industry, there has been a major shift in food habits in the metropolitan cities encouraging the manufacturers to introduce innovative flavors in noodles and pastas to suit Indian consumers. Further, the enhancement of fried instant noodles’ condiment, good performance of non-fried noodles, and the subsequent release of coarse cereal noodles are some of the main trends currently prevailing in the Indian market. About 86 per cent of households prefer to consume instant food over traditional food due to steep rise in dual income level & standard of living, convenience and influence of Western countries. As a result, fast food menus comprising pizza, burger, sandwiches, etc are gaining wider acceptance from the Indian consumers. Competitors’ zone On the competitive front, the fast food market in India is poised for rapid expansion and higher efficiency with the entry of international giants. It has also been observed that with the increasing popularity of dining out in India, restaurant operators want to safeguard their share of improved consumer spending by offering all types of cuisines. This provides a significant opportunity to players in the food and beverage industry. Major players in this sector are creating a competitive environment for future growth. And in order to cater to this augmented customer base, Nirula’s is increasing its existence in metro cities along with the Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities through different formats. The new outlets in cities, such as Amritsar, Patna, Bhopal, Pune and Ludhiana would mainly be Family Style Restaurants (FSR), ice cream kiosks and parlors. Likewise, KFC has plans to increase its existence from 21 cities at present to around 75 cities through its objective to operate 500 restaurants in India by 2015. The company is eager to spread wings to new cities such as Hubli, Madurai, Salem and Mysore in the south, and in the north in Kanpur, Allahabad. Similarly, McDonald’s is targeting 1,000 restaurants by 2020. Hard castle Restaurants, which runs McDonald’s in the south and west, plans to open up to 70 stores next year. It will be the franchisee’s biggest expansion in the past 15 years. McDonald’s also plans to invest ` 10 billion to boost growth. Most of the food chains are busy in innovating and customizing their products. For instance, in order to boost revenue and offer different varieties to the tastes of various cross-sections of people, Domino’s Pizza is planning to customize its range of products. The company is taking initiatives to come up with a new assortment of diet pizzas for Indians, who are health-conscious and intends to introduce different specialties in pizza for people residing in different parts, like North and South India. Further, the acceptance of fast food has grown faster as several players have well-understood the basic requirements of Indian food and served more vegetarians & selected no vegetarian meal options (excludes pork and beef from their menu). Franchise outlets On the strategic front, it has been found that the franchising concept in India is continuously rising, with the increase in the number of international players opening more franchise outlets in India. The increasing revenue figures from franchise outlets encourage the players to opt for the concept. As a result, many international fast food giants are opening up their franchise outlets in India to grab the huge untapped potential in a fast emerging market. In a recent development, Nando, South Africa-based Afro-Portuguese, global restaurant chain is starting up around 35 outlets by 2013 in various parts of India through the franchise route. The company expects to expand enormously in the northern parts of India. Varying consumer behavior Talking about consumers, it has been a noticeable trend that food consumption pattern of urban Indian families has changed dramatically with times owing to the growing influence of Western culture. Indians have started dining out and moved on to accept different varieties of delicious food from the world. Further, studies indicate a radical change in the consumption patterns of Indian consumers, who have traditionally been known for their price sensitiveness. Middle-class families as well as the youth prefer to have a burger worth ` 25 rather than that worth ` 50-75. This reveals that despite looking for taste and brand, consumers in India are still inclined to low-price and health issues. As per a survey conducted in 2010, nearly 80 per cent of the fast food consumers expect the fast food owners to implement required measures for reducing the harmful impact of fast food. To tackle this issue, these owners have adopted innovative cooking styles, such as baking and grilling that retain the flavor of food and also require lesser quantity of oil. Besides, major retailers in this area are now providing all necessary information like ingredients, nutrition and fat contained on the product pack. These measures have helped Indian fast food consumers select healthy and nutritious meal as well as protect them from the dangerous effect of unhealthy fast food. Government inventiveness As far as the role of government is concerned, various initiatives in the recent past have resulted in the entry of many international  Fast Food Retailer  in the country. With the economic liberalization in 1991, nearly all tariff and non-tariff barriers have been removed or minimized from the Indian boundary that has helped many retailers to enter the growing Indian fast food industry. As per the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, the new rules and standards will make it mandatory for street food vendors to register with state health departments that are into policing hygiene. It requires the food authority to issue licenses to food vendors only after ensuring that their products are safe and hygienic. Vendors with products that are found unhygienic or unsafe will face monetary penalties. Moreover, user friendly and IT-enabled licensing system will be created to improve governance and compliance. To try to ensure that India has the capacity to implement the new law, the government has increased the number of state laboratories for testing eatables and appointed more food safety officers to check food quality & hygiene instead of merely monitoring adulteration. Besides, the Indian government has also directed state governments to prohibit sales of fast food and carbonated drinks on school premises & check out all such items that lead to unhealthy eating from cafeteria within a 1,500 feet radius of schools. In addition, the country’s regulators have ordered food chains to provide product nutritional labeling at the time of sale, so that customers can know about what they are eating and what effect it can have on their health. This step is a result of various studies that have shown that a typical fast food has very high density that causes people to eat more than they usually require, causing people to fall ill with many health-related problems like obesity, diabetes and heart diseases. Shortfalls and remedies India has witnessed a massive increase in the consumption of fast food over the past few years. Indeed, the country has come out as one of the rapidly growing fast food markets in the world. Although the country offers lucrative opportunities to new entrants due to rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles, there still exist some roadblocks, which may hinder the exponential growth route of this industry in future. Competition from local street vendors remains the biggest threat to the growth of the fast food industry in the country. There is an increase in raw materials cost and fuel charges, which is causing a lot of strain to the players in this segment. Lack of proper infrastructural facilities, with respect to roads and electricity, has also hampered the development of fast food market in India. Besides, the industry will have to tackle a number of roadblocks including the rising consumer concerns regarding obesity and health-consciousness to maintain the ongoing trend. On a fast track If the challenges are met with serious considerations, the Indian fast food industry is anticipated to achieve glorious milestones in the coming years. Increasing inclination of people to eat outside (restaurants) will be the major driving force behind the projected growth. Besides, healthy food options and low-price menu will also contribute to its growth, to attain a CAGR of around 33 per cent during 2010-2014. THE START OF FAST FOOD CULTURE The concept of fast food pops up  during 1920s. The 1950s first witnessed their rapid proliferation. Several factors that contributed to  this explosive growth in50’s were:(1) America’s love affair with  the automobiles. (2) The construction of a  major new highway system. (3) The development of  sub-urban communities. (4) The baby boom subsequent to world war  second. â€Å"Fast-food chains initially  catered to automobile  owners in  suburbia. On the go Fast food outlets are take-away   or take-out   providers, often with a â€Å"drive-through† service which allows customers to order and pick up food from their cars; but most also have a seating area in which customers can eatthe food on the premises. People eat there more than five times a week and often, one or more of those five times is at a fast  food restaurant. Nearly from its inception, fast food has been designed to be eaten â€Å"on the go†, often does not require traditional cutlery, and is eaten as a finger  food. Common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and chips, sandwiches, pitas,  hamburgers, fried  chicken,  French  fries, chicken  nuggets, tacos, pizza, hot dogs, and ice cream, although many fast food restaurants offer â€Å"slower† foods like chili, mashed potatoes, and salads. Variants Although fast food often brings to mind traditional American fast food such as hamburgers and fries, there are many other forms of fast food that enjoy widespread popularity in the West. Chinese  takeaways/takeout  restaurants  are  particularly  popular. They normally offer a  wide variety of  Asian food which has normally been fried. Most options are some form of noodles, rice, or meat. Sushi has seen rapidly rising popularity in recent times. A form of fast food created  in  Japan. sushi  is  normally  cold  sticky  rice  served  with  raw fish. Pizza is a common fast food category in  the United States, with chains such as Domino’s Pizza, Sbarro and Pizza Hut. Menus are more limited and standardized than in traditional pizzerias, and pizza delivery, often with a time commitment, is offered. Fish and chip  shops are a form of fast  food popular in the United  Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Fish is battered and then deep fried. The Dutch  have their own types of fast food. A Dutch fast food meal often consists of  a portion of French fries. Facts and figures Fast food is one of the world’s largest growing food type. India’s fast food industry is growing by 40% a year and is expected to generate a billion dollars  in  sales  by  2005. The  multinational  segment  of  Indian  fast  foodindustry is up to Rs. 6 billion, a figure expected to zoom to Rs. 70 billion by2005. By 2005, the value of Indian dairy products is expected to be Rs. 1,00,000 million. In last 6 years, foreign investment in this sector stood at Rs. 3600  million  which  is  about  one fourth  of  total  investment  made  in  this sector. Because of the availability of raw material for fast food, Global chains are flooding into the country. MARKET SIZE & MAJOR PLAYERS a)Dominated by McDonalds having as many as 75 outlets. b)Domino’s pizza is present in around 100 locations. c)Pizza  hut  is also catching  up and it  has  planned  to establish  125outlets at the end of 2005. d) Subways have established around 40 outlets. e) Nirulas is established at Delhi and Noida only. However, it claims tocater 50,000 guests every day. Major players in fast food are: †¢ MCDONALDS. †¢ KFC †¢ PIZZA HUT †¢ DOMINOS PIZZA. †¢ COFFEE DAY †¢BARISTA. The  main  reason  behind  the  success  of  the multinational  chains  is  their expertise  in  product  development,  sourcing  practices,  quality  standards, service levels and standardized operating procedures in their restaurants, astrength  that  they  have  developed  over  years  of  experience  around  the world. The home grown chains have in the past few years of competition with the MNCs, learnt a few things but  there is still a  lot of scope for  improvement. REASON FOR EMERGENCE Gender  Roles :  gender  roles  are  now  changing. Females  have  startedworking outside. So, they have no time for their home and cooking food. Fastfood is an easy way out because these can be prepared easily. Customer  Sophistication  and  Confidence: consumers  are  becoming more sophisticated now. They do not want to prepare food and spend their time and energy in house hold works. They are building their confidence more on ‘ready to eat and easy to  serve’ kind of foods Paucity of Time: people have no time for  cooking. Because of emergence of  working women and also number of other entertainment items. Most of thetime either people work or want to enjoy with their family. Double  Income  Group: emergence  of  double  income  group  leads  to increase in disposable income. Now people have more disposable income so they can spend easily in  fast food and other activities. Working Women: working women have no time for cooking, and if they have then also they don’t want to cook. Because they want to come out of  the  traditionally  defined  gender  roles. They  do  not  want  to  confinethemselves to household work and  upbringing of children’s. Large  population: India  being  a  second  largest  country  in  terms  of  population possesses large potential market for  all the  products/services. Thisresults into entry of large number of fast food players in the country. Relaxation in rules and regulations: with the economic liberalization of  1991, most of the tariff and non tariff barriers from the Indian boundaries are either removed or minimized. This helped significantly the MNC’s to enter in the country. CHALLENGES FOR THE INDUSTRY Social  and  cultural  implications  of  Indians  switching  to  western breakfast food: Generally, Hindus avoid all foods that are believed to inhibit physical and spiritual development. Eating meat is not explicitly prohibited, but  many  Hindus  are  vegetarian  because  they  adhere  to  the  concept  of  ahimsa. Those  seeking  spiritual  unity  may  avoid  garlic  and  onions. The concept of purity influences Hindu food practices. Products from cows (e. g. ,milk,  yogurt,  ghee-clarified  butter)  are  considered  pure. Pure  foods  can improve the purity of impure foods when they are prepared together. Some foods, such as beef or alcohol, are innately polluted and can never be made pure. But now, Indians are switching to fast food that contain all those things that are considered impure or against there beliefs. Some traditional and fundamentalist are against this transformation of food habit and number of  times they provoke their counterparts to revolt against such foods. And that is what happened when McDonald’s decided to enter the  complexity of Indian business landscape, counting only on its â€Å"fast food global formula†, without any apparent previous cultural training. Emphasis  on  the  usage  of  bio-degradable  products: Glasses, silverware,  plates  and  cloth  napkins  are  never  provided  with  fast  food. Instead, paper plates and napkins, polyurethane containers, plastic cups and tableware, drinking cartons or PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles are used, and these are all disposable. Many of these items are tossed in the garbage instead of being recycled, or even worse, merely thrown on the ground. This burdens nature unnecessarily and squanders raw materials. In order to reduce soil and water pollution, government now emphasis more on the usage of  bio-degradable products. Retrenchment  of  employees: Most  of  new  industries  will  be  capital intensive and may drive local competitors, which have more workers, out of  business. Profit repatriation: Repatriation of profits is another area of concern forIndian economy. As when multinational enters the any countries, people and government  hope  that  it  will  increase  the  employment  rate  and result  in economic growth. However, with the multinational operation, host country experiences  these  benefits  for  a  short  time  period. In  long  run  neither employment increases (because of capital intensive nature of MNC’s) nor it increases the GDP or GNP because whatever MNC’s earn they repatriate that profit back to their home country. PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY Environmental  friendly  products  cost  high:government  is  legislating laws in order to keep check on the fast food industry and it is emphasizing more on the usage of bio-degradable and environment friendly products. But associated with this issue is the  problem that fast food player faces – the  cost associated with the environment friendly product. They cost much higher than the normal products that companies uses for packaging or wrapping their products. Balance  between  societal  expectation  and  companies  economic objectives:   To balance a society’s expectation regarding environment with the economic burden of protecting the environment. Thus, one can see that one  side  pushes  for  higher  standards  and  other  side  tries  to  beat  the standard back, thereby making it a arm wrestling and mind boggling exercise. Health related issues: obesity: I. Studies have shown that a typical fast food has very high density and food with high density causes people to eat more then they usually need. II. Low calories food: Emphasis is now more on low calorie food. In this line  McDonald  has  a  plan  to  introduce  all  white  meat  chickenMcnuugget with less fat and fewer calories. TRENDS IN INDIAN MARKET Marketing to children’s: Fast food outlets in India target children’s as their major customers. They introduce varieties of things that will attract the  children’s  attention  and  by  targeting children’s  they  automatically target their parents because Children’s are always accompanied by their parents. Low level customer commitment: Because of the large number of food retail outlets and also because of the  tendency of customer to switch from one product to other, this industry faces low  level customer commitment. INTRODUCTION OF DOMINOES Domino’s Pizza India Ltd. was incorporated in March 1995 as the master  franchisee for India and Nepal, of Domino’s Pizza International Inc. , of  USA. Moreover, the company holds the master franchisee rights for Sri Lanka and Bangladesh through its wholly owned subsidiary. Mr. Shyam S. Bhatia and Mr. Hari S. Bhartia of the Jubilant Organosys Group were the  promoters of the company. Since inception, Domino’s Pizza India Ltd. has proceeded to become one of  the largest and fastest growing international food chains in South Asia. Thefirst Domino’s Pizza store in India opened in January 1996, at New Delhi. Today, Domino’s Pizza India has grown into a countrywide network around220 outlets in 42 cities and is  the leader in the fast food delivery segment. Ever  since  it  was  established,  Domino’s  Pizza  India  has  maintained  its  position  of  market  leadership  with  its  constant  product  innovation  and maintenance  of  stringent  service  standards. More  importantly,  it  has established a reputation for being a home delivery specialist capable of  delivering its pizzas within 30 minutes to its community of loyal customers from its entire chain of stores around the country. Customers can order their  Ã‚  pizzas by calling a single  countrywide Happiness Hotline – 1800-111-123. Infact, Domino’s was the first one to start this  facility for its customers. Domino’s is committed to bringing fun and excitement to the lives of our  customers by delivering delicious pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or  less, and all its strategies are aimed at fulfilling this commitment towards its large and ever-growing customer base. Domino’s constantly strives to develop products that suit the tastes of its customers, thereby bringing out the Wow effect(the feel good factor). Domino’s believes strongly in the strategy of ‘Think local and  act  regional’. Thus,  time  and  again  Domino’s  has  been innovating toppings suitable to the taste buds  of the local populace and these have been very well accepted by the  Indian market. DOMINOES VISION AND OBJECTIVES Domino’s vision is â€Å" Exceptional people on a mission, to be  the  best  pizza  delivery  company  in  the  world! †. Domino’s is committed to bringing fun and excitement to the lives of our customers by delivering delicious pizzas to  their  doorstep  in  30  minutes  or  less,  and  all  our strategies work for fulfilling this commitment towards our large and ever-growing customer base. Domino’s constantly strives to develop the product that suits the taste of its customers to bring out the ‘WOW’ effect   (i. e. the feel good factor). Domino’s believes in the strategy of â€Å"Think local and act regional† that is blended with a playful image personified by our â€Å"Hungry Kya? â€Å"positioning. Thus,  time  and  again  Domino’s  has  been innovating  toppings,  suitable  to  the  taste buds  of  the locals and these have been very well accepted by the Indian market, are doing extensively well in the market. We are constantly in the process of innovating further; we introduce new topping every 3 –4 months Domino’s  understands  customers  demand  and  is constantly   developing   local  flavors   understanding  the local  sentiments. Also,  the  ingredients,   sauces  etc. are made keeping in mind the taste buds of Indian consumers while retaining the international flavor. Domino’s  constantly  strive  to  make  the  company  an integral  part   of  the  lives  of  the  target  audiences   by getting involved with the clientele at the emotional level and  building  long-term  relationship  with  them. Thus, Domino’s  concentrate  more  on  carrying  out  below-the-line activities in the area it serves. Domino’s believe in bringing fun and excitement into the lives  of  our  clientele. We  take  our  delivery  proposition very seriously and our entire corporate ethic is based on it. Domino’s  is  the  recognized  world  leader  in  Pizza delivery. But it isn’t just about delivering; it’s also about giving back to the community. Domino’s believes that an essential  component  of  corporate  responsibility  is  to provide support to charitable organizations that benefit the  communities  where  its  employees  and  customers work  and  live. Domino’s  worldwide   is   known  for  its commitment toward social causes and believes in adding fun  to  the  lives  of  our  customers  and  communities  it serves. In India, Domino’s has been associated with the NGO’s devoted  to  the  cause  of  underprivileged  Children’s. Domino’s conducts Store Educational Tour (SET) for the under privileged children time-to-time. Recently this was done  in  the  one  of  the  Domino’s  outlet  in  Delhi  and Mumbai with the  underprivileged children from CRY (Child Relief  and  You)  where  Domino’s  took  the  pledge  to provide part-time employment to the eligible wards from CRY who are above 18 years, reiterating its commitment towards social causes. Also, fifty- percent of that day’s first 20 deliveries of the store were given to CRY toward the cause of the underprivileged children. The children had a gala time while they learned to make and bake pizzas  at  the  store  and  finally  tasted  the  sumptuous offerings  made  by  them  during  the  Store  Educational  Tour. Domino’s Pizza India also boasts about its commitment to serve its customers on time by implementing the â€Å"30 MINUTES  OR  FREE† service  commitment , they  have been able to achieve this as a result of continuous efforts and dedication of the entire team in improving operating efficiencies . Domino’s   Pizza  India  has  been  consistently   rated amongst  the   top  2  pizza  chains  worldwide  in  the Domino’s family by Domino’s International, in terms of  quality of operations. Our pizza delivery times have also been  judged  as  the  best  delivery  times  in  the  world across all Domino’s. Communication objectives Category Need Domino’s master franchise model Industry analysts believed that Domino’s master franchise model was one of the reasons for  its success in international markets even in light of the global economic slowdown in 2008. How domino’s international bucked the trend The strong performance of Domino’s international master franchises in the midst of the global economic  slowdown  was  a  widely debated  topic  among  analysts. While  some  analysts believed that the recession had helped the growth of these chains due to the ‘trading down factor’ of people preferring to eat at home rather than dine out at expensive restaurants, others believed it was a combination of aggressive marketing and the franchise model that had helped the company buck the trend. Dominoes Brand Awareness Promotional and advertisement campaigns The pizza delivery business had  traditionally been promotion driven. Coupons and  discounts were offered by all pizza delivery chains to woo customers. Since its inception, Domino’s had been known for its unique promotions that included fast delivery and innovations to cater  to a varied palette. The ’30 minutes’ promise In the year 1973, Domino’s began a guarantee scheme that its pizzas would be delivered in 30minutes or less of ordering failing which the customer would receive the pizza free. Brand Attitude Use of technology Online sales accounted for over 70 percent of its total sales in 2008. Dominos planned to further exploit the increasing potential of the online medium as one of the promotional and distributional channels in the downturn. Brand Purchase Intention. What makes domino’s pizza better than its competitors? †¢ Varity of Pizza’s †¢ Services offered †¢ Quality of pizza’s †¢ Location of the Outlet †¢ Waiting time in the outlet †¢ Door step services †¢ Lower price Communication Mix Communication is very important, particularly when it is two-way. Domino’s value customer  feedback and is most responsive to customer preferences. Fast food ought to be a fun experience and this is not possible unless the provider and the consumer are in synch. They are in the  service business, and their product is positioned as a  convenience food delivered to the customer hot and fresh in 30 minutes guaranteed. Every company must follow the eight major marketing communication modes. For Domino’s direct selling and interactive selling is not needed though they are involved in internet and cable TV promotions. Domino’s always search for ways to gain efficiency by replacing one communication with others. The sustainability among communication tools explains why marketing function need to be coordinated. Advertising The Domino’s Pizza franchise has earned the reputation of being one of the fast growing food chains in South Asia. Domino’s is committed to bringing fun and excitement to the lives of its customers by delivering delicious pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or less. The fast food franchise is all set to  make the complete use of  its potential market in India, where eating out is a means of entertainment. Its advertisements are image of its core competencies. The Domino’s  Pizza India  franchise  keeps implementing varied  promotional  strategies. Domino’s initially restricted their ad  strategy to banners, hoardings and specific promotions. In August2000, Domino’s launched the ‘Hungry Kya? (Are  You Hungry? ) sequence of  advertisements on television. While highlighting its home delivery facility in advertisements, the pizza franchise always adds an element of humour in it. That is exactly why actor Arshad Warsi was made the brand ambassador of  the Domino’s Pizza India franchise. Paresh Rawal, another humorist of Hindi cinema, was also featured in Domino’s ads. A significant strategic change is that, while the unique selling proposition of Domino’s is home delivery in all markets, they have been creating dine-in spaces at all their restaurants here in India. Domino’s Pizza’s tagline ‘khushiyon ki home delivery’   which cuts through the advertising  clutter  still  remains  intact. But  in  tier-2  and  tier-3  cities,  as  people  like  to experience eating out close to 75% of their restaurants now have dine-in facilities. This is different from their global strategy where their  key focus has  been  on home delivery. Also,  they  are in  the  trial stage  of  orders by internet in India after its success in U. S. Another feature they introduced is a customer can top the Pizza he wants. Domino’s went a step ahead by differentiating regions and applyingthe taste-factor accordingly. Domino’s also made ordering simpler through a single toll-free number throughout the country. Dominos has been following the principle of   ‘Think Local, Act Regional’  . Events/ Experiences They are sponsoring some college fest, cultural program and promotional events through out the country for promotion. Public Relation Domino’s Pizza India undertakes local store marketing initiatives. These include specialdiscounts  to  loyal  customers  and  parade  like  activities  such  as  Motorbike  formations, distributing special offer  coupons and phone  calls to  frequent customers. Domino’s has been innovating toppings suitable to the taste  buds of the  local populace and the Indian market has very well accepted these. Domino’s Pizza India Ltd, which runs fast food chain Domino’s Pizza in the country, has changed its corporate name to Jubilant Food Works Ltd. The change of name came into effect from September 24 2009. â€Å"The decision to change the name  has been taken to  align ourselves with the branding of the Jubilant  Bhartia  Group,  promoted  by  Shyam  S  Bhartia  and  Hari  S  Bhartia,†Ã‚  Jubilant Food Works Chief Executive Officer Ajay Kaul said. Jubilant Bhartia Group holds the master  franchisee rights for the Domino’s Pizza brand and operations for the whole of India, Nepal,Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. However, the company will continue to use the brand name of  Ã¢â‚¬ËœDomino’s Pizza’ for marketing and other related purposes. Personal Selling Domino’s continuously strives to make the company an  integral part of the  lives of the target audiences by getting involved with the clientele at the emotional level and building long term relationships with them. Thus, domino’s concentrates more on carrying out below the line activities in the areas it serves.